Economic warfare and the crusades

Economic Warfare and the Crusades both summarizes extant scholarship and breaks new ground by studying the side effects of sanctions imposed in support of crusades. Medieval thinkers understood the interrelations between ecological, economic, and political realities and articulated theoretically sound ways of causing economic harm to rivals. Embargoes increased the risks and costs of trade. Licensing regimes benefited high-status traders, likely aiding the concentration of commercial wealth in the late Middle Ages. A variety of middlemen in frontier are